Green Synthesis, Structural Characterization and Photocatalytic Applications of ZnO Nanoconjugates Using Heliotropium indicum

In recent years, biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have been gaining importance due to their unique properties and tremendous applications. This study aimed fabricate ZnO NPs by using extracts from various parts of the traditional medicinal plant Heliotropium indicum (H. indicum) evaluate photocatalytic activity. Further, potential in photoluminescence fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) was assessed. The Ultraviolet-Visible spectrum exhibited a hypsochromic shifted absorption band between 350–380 nm. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed spherical NPs, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) data wurtzite, hexagonal crystalline nature. TEM XRD consistently determined an average particle size range 19 53 degradation reaches maximum 95% for biogenic monitoring spectrophotometrically methylene blue dye (λmax = 662.8 nm) under solar irradiation. Photoluminescence differentiated spectra with high-intensity emission peaks compared chemically synthesized NPs. Eventually, highest efficiency FRET (80%) found leaves. remains first report highlighting multifunctional capabilities mediated H. indicum, which could lead important environmental biomedical